Monkeypox, a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, has recently gained global attention due to its rapid spread across different countries. While most
individuals infected with monkeypox experience mild to moderate symptoms, the impact on certain vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, can be significantly more severe. Understanding how monkeypox affects pregnant women is crucial for ensuring appropriate preventive measures, timely diagnosis, and effective management.
Understanding Monkeypox and Pregnancy
Monkeypox is closely related to the smallpox virus, and its transmission can occur through direct contact with infected animals, human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets, or contact with contaminated objects. Pregnant women, who already undergo various physiological and immunological changes, may face unique challenges when infected with monkeypox.
Increased Susceptibility
During pregnancy, a woman’s immune system undergoes significant modifications to accommodate the growing fetus. These changes can sometimes lead to an increased susceptibility to infections, including monkeypox. The weakened immune response during pregnancy may make it harder for the body to fight off the virus effectively,
increasing the likelihood of more severe symptoms or complications.
Potential Complications for Pregnant Women
Several studies and clinical reports suggest that monkeypox can lead to severe complications in pregnant women. While research is still limited due to the relative rarity of the disease, the following potential complications have been noted:
- Vertical Transmission: Vertical transmission of monkeypox from mother to fetus during pregnancy is a significant concern. Although more research is needed, there is evidence that the virus can cross the placental barrier, potentially causing congenital monkeypox. This can result in fetal demise, preterm delivery, or birth defects.
- Increased Risk of Miscarriage: Infection with monkeypox during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. This risk is particularly high during the first trimester when the fetus is most vulnerable to infections and developmental disruptions.
- Preterm Birth: Pregnant women infected with monkeypox may be at an elevated risk for preterm birth, which is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The virus can cause significant stress and inflammatory responses in the body, potentially triggering early labor.
- Severe Maternal Illness: Pregnant women may experience more severe symptoms of monkeypox, such as fever, rash, respiratory symptoms, and
lymphadenopathy. The stress on the body due to pregnancy can exacerbate these symptoms, potentially leading to hospitalization or complications like secondary bacterial infections.
Neonatal Outcomes
The impact of monkeypox on neonatal health is a critical area of concern. If a pregnant woman contracts monkeypox, the virus can potentially affect the newborn in several
ways:
- Congenital Monkeypox: Infants born to mothers who contracted monkeypox during pregnancy may be at risk for congenital monkeypox. Symptoms in newborns can include skin lesions, fever, and respiratory distress. In severe cases, the virus can lead to significant complications or even death.
- Infection During Delivery: Monkeypox can also be transmitted from mother to child during delivery if there is direct contact with infectious lesions. This form of transmission can cause immediate infection in the newborn, requiring intensive medical care.
- Postnatal Infections: After birth, close contact between the mother and the newborn poses a risk of transmission if the mother is still infectious. In such
cases, precautions such as isolating the newborn, using personal protective equipment, and avoiding breastfeeding until the mother is no longer infectious may be recommended.
Preventive Measures and Management
Given the potential risks, pregnant women should take special precautions to avoid contracting monkeypox. Here are some recommended strategies:
- Avoid Contact with Infected Individuals: Pregnant women should avoid close contact with anyone who has been diagnosed with monkeypox or is suspected of having the infection. This includes avoiding physical contact and sharing personal items like clothing, bedding, or towels.
- Vaccination: The smallpox vaccine, which is also effective against monkeypox, can be considered for pregnant women at high risk of exposure. However, the decision to vaccinate should be made after consulting healthcare providers,
weighing the risks and benefits, as some vaccines may not be recommended during pregnancy.
- Hygiene Practices: Frequent handwashing, use of hand sanitizers, and avoiding touching the face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth, can help reduce the risk of infection.
- Prompt Medical Attention: Pregnant women who suspect exposure to monkeypox or show symptoms should seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.
Treatment Options
Treatment for monkeypox in pregnant women typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkeypox, but supportive care, such as pain relief, hydration, and treatment of secondary
infections, is essential. In severe cases, antiviral medications like Tecovirimat may be considered under medical supervision.
Conclusion
The impact of monkeypox on pregnant women is a growing concern due to the potential for severe maternal and neonatal complications. Pregnant women should be vigilant about preventive measures and seek medical advice if they suspect exposure to the virus. Healthcare providers must stay informed about the evolving nature of monkeypox to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the child. By understanding
the unique challenges posed by monkeypox during pregnancy, we can better protect this vulnerable population and ensure more positive outcomes.
